NAYA BARSHA 2068 की सुभकामना हार्दिक बधाई

"नव संवत् मुझे नव संचार भरे जग की नौसेना चांदनी; नव आशा के कलश Sajakar, मंगलमय करे संसार" आप सभी माहनुभाओ का आभिवादन नव वर्ष संवत 2068 की हार्दिक बधाई हैप्पी न्यू ईयर 2068.

27. मैं 2068 में इच्छा
भगवान तुम देता है ...
खुशी के 12 महीने,
मज़ा के 52 सप्ताह,
सफलता दिनों 365,
8760 अच्छे स्वास्थ्य के घंटे,
52600 गुड लक मिनट,
खुशी के 3153600 सेकण्ड ... और वह सब है!

26. वर्षों n आना जाना है, लेकिन इस साल मैं विशेष रूप से स्वास्थ्य n के 4 UA डबल खुराक इच्छा सुख सौभाग्य के भार के साथ अव्वल रहा. एक gr8 वर्ष आगे है! नया साल मुबारक !!!!!

25. हो सकता है इस नए साल कई अवसरों अपना रास्ता ले, जीवन की हर खुशी का पता लगाने और दिनों के लिए अपने प्रस्तावों के आगे कर सकते हैं फर्म रहना है, वास्तविकता में सभी अपने सपने और महान उपलब्धियों में सभी अपने प्रयासों को बदल रहे हैं.

24. रातों डार्क हैं, लेकिन दिन प्रकाश कर रहे हैं,
काश तुम्हारी जीवन हमेशा उज्ज्वल हो जाएगा.
तो मेरे प्रिय डर नहीं मिलता
Coz, भगवान ने हमें एक "नया साल" उपहार.

* * नया साल मुबारक
23. आप के लिए मेरी इच्छा, जनवरी, प्यार के लिए फ़रवरी, मार्च के लिए शांति, अप्रैल के लिए कोई चिंता नहीं, मज़ा मई के लिए, जोय के लिए जून के लिए महान नवम्बर, दिसम्बर के लिए खुशी शुरू करने के लिए, क्या एक भाग्यशाली और 2067 अद्भुत

22. मैं चाहता हूँ यू एक है ... ..
मधुर रविवार,
Marvellous सोमवार,
स्वादिष्ट मंगलवार,
बुधवार कमाल है,
आभारी गुरुवार,
दोस्ताना शुक्रवार,
सफल शनिवार.
एक महान वर्ष है. नया साल मुबारक


21. 'भगवान की यूनिवर्सल बैंक में ...
भगवान भंडार उनके आशीर्वाद और 365 दिनों के प्यार करता हूँ, और आप के लिए विश्वास खुशियों से भरा जमा ...
इसलिए, का आनंद लें खर्च ...
नया साल मुबारक हो.

20. एक सुकून की बात नहीं, एक शांतिपूर्ण आत्मा, गला खोलकर आत्मा, एक स्वस्थ और प्यार से भरा हुआ शरीर दिल .. ये सब मेरी प्रार्थना कर रहे हैं के लिए तुम .. एक हैप्पी न्यू इयर 2068 काश


19. भर में आगामी वर्ष के अपने जीवन के छोटे सुख उत्सव ... तुम एक उज्ज्वल, खुश और समृद्ध भगवान का आशीर्वाद के साथ नई 2068 वर्ष इच्छाओं से भरा जा सकता है.

18. सूरज इस साल में डूबता है, इससे पहले कि यादें पाती, इससे पहले कि नेटवर्क जाम हो ... .. काश यू और उर परिवार हैप्पी न्यू जगमगाती 2068 साल पहले ... ..

17. नया साल शुरू होता है, हम प्रार्थना करते हैं, कि यह नए शांति, नई खुशी, और नए दोस्त की बहुतायत के साथ एक साल हो जाएगा. भगवान ने तुम्हें नए वर्ष के माध्यम से बाहर भला करे.

16. आप नया साल मुबारक हो बधाई, मई हमेशा उर दिल में विशेष और नए साल की सुंदरता जयकार रखने यू.

15. नव वर्ष के लिए नए क्षितिज उधेड़ना और नए सपनों को साकार करने के लिए यू के भीतर शक्ति और विश्वास rediscover, करने के लिए 4 के लिए एक नई चुनौतियों साधारण सुख और गियर में आनन्द का समय है. Wishin वास्तव में एक 2068 पूरा करने यू

14. मध्य nite घंटी बजती है आज रात को जब ...
इसे आप के लिए नए और बेहतर चीजें दर्शाता है,
यह सब बातें तुम जाने के लिए इच्छा के एक अहसास है दर्शाता है,
चलो यह साहस की एक वर्ष दर्शाता है और उनका मानना ​​है,
तुम एक बहुत ... बहुत ... बहुत 2068 prosperious बधाई

13. नव वर्ष दिवस: अब स्वीकार करने के लिए अपने नियमित रूप से वार्षिक अच्छा संकल्प करना है. अगले हफ्ते तुम उनके साथ नरक पक्की सड़क के रूप में हमेशा की तरह शुरू कर सकते हैं.

12. लोग तो क्या वे क्रिसमस और नव वर्ष के बीच खाने के बारे में चिंतित हैं, लेकिन वे वास्तव में वे क्या नए साल और क्रिसमस के बीच खाने के बारे में चिंतित होना चाहिए. नया साल मुबारक हो! 12. थोड़ा बड़ा चाबी ताले खुले
सरल शब्दों महान विचारों को प्रतिबिंबित
तुम्हारी मुस्कान दिल ब्लॉक इलाज कर सकते हैं
तो यह चट्टानों मुस्कुराते रहते हैं.
हैप्पी न्यू इयर 2068

11. 2067 द्वार पर है ...
याद
जिंदगी छोटी है, नियमों को तोड़ने,
जल्दी से माफ कर दो,
सच में प्यार,
uncontrollably हँसते हैं,
और
कुछ भी किया है कि तुम मुस्कान अफसोस कभी नहीं.

10. Thre 2068 में कई बार किया गया है
मैं जब तुम परेशान हो सकता है
परेशान यू
चिढ़ यू
bugged यू
.
.
.
.
आज मैं सिर्फ तुम्हें बताना चाहता हूँ
.
.
.
.
मैं इसे 2068 में जारी रखने की योजना है.

9. मैं चाहता हूँ यू एक है ... ..
मधुर रविवार,
Marvellous सोमवार,
स्वादिष्ट मंगलवार,
बुधवार कमाल है,
आभारी गुरुवार,
दोस्ताना शुक्रवार,
सफल शनिवार.
एक महान वर्ष है. नया साल मुबारक

8. हम किताब खोल देगा.
इसके पन्नों में रिक्त हैं.
हम उन्हें अपने आप पर शब्दों डाल करने जा रहे हैं.
किताब के मौके भी कहा जाता है
और
इसके प्रथम अध्याय नव वर्ष दिवस है.

7. रातों डार्क हैं, लेकिन दिन प्रकाश कर रहे हैं,
काश तुम्हारी जीवन हमेशा उज्ज्वल हो जाएगा.
तो मेरे प्रिय डर नहीं मिलता
Coz, भगवान ने हमें एक "नया साल" उपहार.
* * नया साल मुबारक

6. पहले सूर्य इस वर्ष में सेट,
यादों फीका से पहले,
पहले शुद्ध काम करता जाम मिलता है
काश यू और उर परिवार खुश जगमगाती न्यू इयर 2068

5. एक दिन में हर पल का अपना महत्व है.
सुबह आशा लाता है,
दोपहर आस्था लाता है,
शाम प्यार लाता है,
रात बाकी लाता है,
आप उन सभी को हर रोज़ होगा आशा है.
नव वर्ष 2068

4. जब मध्य nite घंटी बजती है आज रात ..
इसे आप के लिए नए और बेहतर चीजें दर्शाता है,
यह सब बातें तुम जाने के लिए इच्छा के एक अहसास है दर्शाता है,
चलो यह साहस की एक वर्ष दर्शाता है और उनका मानना ​​है,
तुम एक बहुत ... बहुत ... बहुत समृद्ध 2068 बधाई

3. मुस्कान रखें,
छुट्टी आंसू,
आनन्द के बारे में सोचो,
भय भूल जाते हैं,
हंसी पकड़ो,
दर्द को छोड़,
खुशी हो,
अपने नए साल Coz!
नया साल मुबारक

2. टॉम क्रूज
एंजेलीना जोली
ऐश्वर्या राय
सलमान खान राजेश hamalJennifer लोपेज
अमिताभ बच्चन
मुझे और ..
सभी सितारे इच्छा एक बहुत नया साल मुबारक यू.

1. सुंदरता ..
ताजगी ..
सपने ..
सच ..
कल्पना ..
लग रहा है ..
विश्वास ..
ट्रस्ट ..
इस नए साल की शुरुआत है!

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Love Play of Radha & Krishna

Lord Krishna has often been portrayed as a naughty prankster in his childhood and a lover-boy in his youth. His beloved Radha and the cowherd girls 'Gopis' in general loved him even more for his pranks and eve teasing. The Holi of Braj is famous all over India for its intimate connection with the divine deities and their love plays. It is said that when Krishna was a young boy, he asked the reason for his dark color while Radha was so fair. His mother Yashoda playfully suggested that he should smear color on Radha's face too and change her complexion to any color he wanted. Captivated by the idea, Krishna proceeded to do so and thus, introduced the play of colors on Holi.

Even today, Holi is one of the most important festival of Braj, where the men of Nandgaon and women of Barsana play 'latthmar Holi' in the remembrance of the playful throw of colors by Krishna on 'Gopis' and their resistance. The trace of eroticism and romance pervades Holi as depicted in the love plays of Krishna and Radha. In Mathura, Vrindavan, Gokul and Barsana, Holi is a two-week long festival featuring play of colors, folk songs called 'Hori', folk dances such as Raas-Lila, staging the various aspects of Radha and Krishna's love.

Radha & Krishna Play Holi
The legend of Radha-Krishna is very famous with holi since their holi play displays romance and love among the two which is world-known thats why their idols are kept together in temple because they had immortal love between them. Holi depicts the love plays of Radha and Krishna which is seen in Vrindavan and Mathura. Thats why every year young couples, kids and children play holi together to express the enduring love like Lord Krishna and Radha. So, put up these Radha Krishna Holi wallpapers to present the true love story and funny play between the two hindu deities.

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History Of Valentine's day

Wish you a Happy Valentine!

February has long been a month of romance. It is the month associated with Valentine's Day celebrations. We have, time and again, heard the name St. Valentine being uttered before us in this season of love. But just who is this St. Valentine? Why is this month associated with love and romance? Learn about St. Valentine, how Valentines day came into practice as it is today. The origin of this lovers day goes back as early as 270 A.D and started with the clash between a kindly priest and a mighty ruler. To know more, just read on and discover the true meaning of this festival. If you like our little article about the splendid history of Valentine's Day, just click here and refer this page to your friends and loved ones. Wish you a Happy Valentine!

very year, the fourteenth day of the month of February has millions across the world presenting their loved ones with candy, flowers, chocolates and other lovely gifts. In many countries, restaurants and eateries are seen to be filled with couples who are eager to celebrate their relationship and the joy of their togetherness through delicious cuisines. There hardly seems to be a young man or woman who is not keen to make the most of the day.
Gifts for Valentine's Day

The reason behind all of this is a kindly cleric named Valentine who died more than a thousand years ago.

It is not exactly known why the 14th of February is known as Valentine's Day or if the noble Valentine really had any relation to this day. Saint ValentineThe history of Valentine's Day is impossible to be obtained from any archive and the veil of centuries gone by has made the origin behind this day more difficult to trace. It is only some legends that are our source for the history of Valentine's Day.

The modern St. Valentine's Day celebrations are said to have been derived from both ancient Christian and Roman tradition. As per one legend, the holiday has originated from the ancient Roman festival of Lupercalis/Lupercalia, a fertility celebration that used to observed annually on February 15. But the rise of Christianity in Europe saw many pagan holidays being renamed for and dedicated to the early Christian martyrs. Lupercalia was no exception. In 496 AD, Pope Gelasius turned Lupercalia into a Christian feast day and set its observance a day earlier, on February 14. He proclaimed February 14 to be the feast day in honor of Saint Valentine, a Roman martyr who lived in the 3rd century. It is this St. Valentine whom the modern Valentine's Day honors.

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, there were at least three early Christian saints by the name of Valentine. While one was a priest in Rome, another was a bishop in Terni. Nothing is known about the third St. Valentine except that he met his end in Africa. Surprisingly, all three of them were said to have been martyred on 14th February.

It is clear that Pope Gelasius intended to honor the first of these three aforementioned men. Most scholars believe that this St. Valentine was a priest who lived around 270 AD in Rome and attracted the disfavor of Roman emperor Claudius II who ruled during this time.

The story of St. Valentine has two different versions - the Protestant and the Catholic one. Both versions agree upon Saint Valentine being a bishop who held secret marriage ceremonies of soldiers in opposition to Claudius II who had prohibited marriage for young men and was executed by the latter. During the lifetime of Valentine, the golden era of Roman empire had almost come to an end. Lack of quality administrators led to frequent civil strife. Education declined, taxation increased and trade witnessed a very bad time. The Roman empire faced crisis from all sides, from the Gauls, Slavs, Huns, Turks and Mongolians from Northern Europe and Asia. The empire had grown too large to be shielded from external aggression and internal chaos with existing forces. Naturally, more and more capable men were required to to be recruited as soldiers and officers to protect the nation from takeover. When Claudius became the emperor, he felt that married men were more emotionally attached to their families, and thus, will not make good soldiers. He believed that marriage made the men weak. So he issued an edict forbidding marriage to assure quality soldiers.

The ban on marriage was a great shock for the Romans. But they dared not voice their protest against the mighty emperor. The kindly bishop Valentine also realized the injustice of the decree. He saw the trauma of young lovers who gave up all hopes of being united in marriage. He planned to counter the monarch's orders in secrecy. Whenever lovers thought of marrying, they went to Valentine who met them afterwards in a secret place, and joined them in the sacrament of matrimony. And thus he secretly performed many marriages for young lovers. But such things cannot remain hidden for long. It was only a matter of time before Claudius came to know of this "friend of lovers," and had him arrested.

While awaiting his sentence in prison, Valentine was approached by his jailor, Asterius. It was said that Valentine had some saintly abilities and one of them granted him the power to heal people. Asterius had a blind daughter and knowing of the miraculous powers of Valentine he requested the latter to restore the sight of his blind daughter. The Catholic legend has it that Valentine did this through the vehicle of his strong faith, a phenomenon refuted by the Protestant version which agrees otherwise with the Catholic one. Whatever the fact, it appears that Valentine in some way did succeed to help Asterius' blind daughter.

Claudius IIWhen Claudius II met Valentine, he was said to have been impressed by the dignity and conviction of the latter. However, Valentine refused to agree with the emperor regarding the ban on marriage. It is also said that the emperor tried to convert Valentine to the Roman gods but was unsuccesful in his efforts. Valentine refused to recognize Roman Gods and even attempted to convert the emperor, knowing the consequences fully. This angered Claudius II who gave the order of execution of Valentine.

Meanwhile, a deep friendship had been formed between Valentine and Asterius' daughter. It caused great grief to the young girl to hear of his friend's imminent death. It is said that just before his execution, Valentine asked for a pen and paper from his jailor, and signed a farewell message to her "From Your Valentine," a phrase that lived ever after. As per another legend, Valentine fell in love with the daughter of his jailer during his imprisonment. However, this legend is not given much importance by historians. The most plausible story surrounding St. Valentine is one not centered on Eros (passionate love) but on agape (Christian love): he was martyred for refusing to renounce his religion. Valentine is believed to have been executed on February 14, 270 AD.

Thus 14th February became a day for all lovers and Valentine became its Patron Saint. It began to be annually observed by young Romans who offered handwritten greetings of affection, known as Valentines, on this day to the women they admired. With the coming of Christianity, the day came to be known as St. Valentine's Day.

But it was only during the 14th century that St. Valentine's Day became definitively associated with love. UCLA medieval scholar Henry Ansgar Kelly, author of "Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine", credits Chaucer as the one who first linked St. Valentine's Day with romance. In medieval France and England it was believed that birds mated on February 14. Hence, Chaucer used the image of birds as the symbol of lovers in poems dedicated to the day. In Chaucer's "The Parliament of Fowls," the royal engagement, the mating season of birds, and St. Valentine's Day are related:

"For this was on St. Valentine's Day, When every fowl cometh there to choose his mate."

By the Middle Ages, Valentine became as popular as to become one of the most popular saints in England and France. Despite attempts by the Christian church to sanctify the holiday, the association of Valentine’s Day with romance and courtship continued through the Middle Ages. The holiday evolved over the centuries. By the 18th century, gift-giving and exchanging hand-made cards on Valentine's Day had become common in England. Hand-made valentine cards made of lace, ribbons, and featuring cupids and hearts began to be created on this day and handed over to the man or woman one loved. Valentine's day greeting cardThis tradition eventually spread to the American colonies. It was not until the 1840s that Valentine's Day greeting cards began to be commercially produced in the U.S. The first American Valentine's Day greeting cards were created by Esther A. Howlanda Mount Holyoke, a graduate and native of Worcester. Mass. Howland, known as the Mother of the Valentine, made elaborate creations with real lace, ribbons and colorful pictures known as "scrap". It was when Howland began Valentine's cards in a large scale that the tradition really caught on in the United States.

Today, Valentine's Day is one of the major holidays in the U.S. and has become a booming commercial success. According to the Greeting Card Association, 25% of all cards sent each year are "valentine"s. The "valentines", as Valentine's Day cards are better known as, are often designed with hearts to symbolize love. The Valentine's Day card spread with Christianity, and is now celebrated all over the world. One of the earliest valentines was sent in 1415 AD by Charles, Duke of Orleans, to his wife during his imprisonment in the Tower of London. The card is now preserved in the British Museum.

There may be doubts regarding the actual identity of Valentine, but we know that he really existed because archaeologists have recently unearthed a Roman catacomb and an ancient church dedicated to a Saint Valentine.

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Valentine's Day History

Valentine's Day History
Pagan festivals, Christian saints, Chaucer's love birds, and the Greeting Card Association of America
Roman Roots


The history of Valentine's Day is obscure, and further clouded by various fanciful legends. The holiday's roots are in the ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia, a fertility celebration commemorated annually on February 15. Pope Gelasius I recast this pagan festival as a Christian feast day circa 496, declaring February 14 to be St. Valentine's Day.
Valentines Galore

Which St. Valentine this early pope intended to honor remains a mystery: according to the Catholic Encyclopedia, there were at least three early Christian saints by that name. One was a priest in Rome, another a bishop in Terni, and of a third St. Valentine almost nothing is known except that he met his end in Africa. Rather astonishingly, all three Valentines were said to have been martyred on Feb. 14.

Most scholars believe that the St. Valentine of the holiday was a priest who attracted the disfavor of Roman emperor Claudius II around 270. At this stage, the factual ends and the mythic begins. According to one legend, Claudius II had prohibited marriage for young men, claiming that bachelors made better soldiers. Valentine continued to secretly perform marriage ceremonies but was eventually apprehended by the Romans and put to death. Another legend has it that Valentine, imprisoned by Claudius, fell in love with the daughter of his jailer. Before he was executed, he allegedly sent her a letter signed "from your Valentine." Probably the most plausible story surrounding St. Valentine is one not focused on Eros (passionate love) but on agape (Christian love): he was martyred for refusing to renounce his religion.

In 1969, the Catholic Church revised its liturgical calendar, removing the feast days of saints whose historical origins were questionable. St. Valentine was one of the casualties.
Chaucer's Love Birds

It was not until the 14th century that this Christian feast day became definitively associated with love. According to UCLA medieval scholar Henry Ansgar Kelly, author of Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine, it was Chaucer who first linked St. Valentine's Day with romance.

In 1381, Chaucer composed a poem in honor of the engagement between England's Richard II and Anne of Bohemia. As was the poetic tradition, Chaucer associated the occasion with a feast day. In "The Parliament of Fowls," the royal engagement, the mating season of birds, and St. Valentine's Day are linked:

For this was on St. Valentine's Day,
When every fowl cometh there to choose his mate.

Tradition of Valentine's Cards
Flower

Over the centuries, the holiday evolved, and by the 18th century, gift-giving and exchanging hand-made cards on Valentine's Day had become common in England. Hand-made valentine cards made of lace, ribbons, and featuring cupids and hearts eventually spread to the American colonies. The tradition of Valentine's cards did not become widespread in the United States, however, until the 1850s, when Esther A. Howland, a Mount Holyoke graduate and native of Worcester, Mass., began mass-producing them. Today, of course, the holiday has become a booming commercial success. According to the Greeting Card Association, 25% of all cards sent each year are valentines.

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Valentines Day

A holiday commercialized with St Valentine’s myth
The fully history of St. Valentine's Day is blurry and nobody really knows who the real St. Valentine was. There are many stories and myths and there were three different Valentines who were martyred. One was a priest who lived in Rome and was supposedly martyred in 269 A.D. The second, a bishop, lived in Interamna (modern-day Treni) in Italy. There was a very obscure third Valentine who met his fate in Africa. The first Valentine, from Rome, is generally considered the right person and is associated with a charming but also gruesome story.

During the reign of Roman Emperor Claudius II from 268 to 270 A.D., it became important to recruit young men to the army, but the response was low because men didn’t want to leave their wives and families. In reaction to the low interest, the emperor decided to prohibit marriages. But Valentine didn’t accept this and secretly performed marriages between young Christian men and women. He was eventually caught and sentenced to death.

The future saint’s gaoler may or may not have had a young daughter but in any case a young girl began to visit Valentine. He may have fallen in love with her or maybe not, but they met frequently. On February 14, the day that he was to be executed, he wrote her a note and signed it, "From your Valentine." And that is supposedly the origin of the custom of writing one’s beloved a note and signing it with the well-known phrase.

Here's the gruesome part of the story. Valentine was beaten to death and decapitated. In 496 A.D. Pope Gelasius set aside Feb. 14 to honor St. Valentine, possibly to turn Roman minds from the licentious behavior associated with the pagan holiday Lupercalia. St. Valentine was removed from the Catholic Church’s list of official holidays for saints in the 1960s because so little was known about the real person and what he did that made him worthy of sainthood.

The Roman emperors were firmly against the Christians until the fourth century A.D. and persecuted them because they were considered a subversive group. One of the major stumbling blocks to accepting the Christian church was the many holidays in celebration of the pagan gods in which the people of the Roman Empire believed. For instance, the Apostle Paul found an altar in Athens to the deity who was called "Unknown God" and immediately used this unknown God to introduce Christianity into that community.

St. Valentine’s Day overlaps a Roman holiday, Lupercalia. This was a celebration of the founding of Rome. The legend goes that the founders, twin brothers named Romulus and Remus, were nourished as infants in a cave by a she-wolf until they were discovered and rescued. The Lupercalia was celebrated between Feb. 13 to 15.

A whole series of local customs were added to the St. Valentines’ Day celebration, although none of them seem to have been as wild as what the Romans did for the Lupercalia. Part of the worship at Romulus and Remus’s shrine was the sacrifice of a goat and a dog. The skin of the goat would be cut into strips and the men would take the bloody strips and hit them against all the women they could see. In the Middle Ages, men and women would draw each other’s names from a bowl and then wear the name on their sleeves for a week. In another tradition, if a woman saw a robin flying overhead she would marry a sailor, if she saw a sparrow, she would marry a poor man but be very happy, and if she saw a goldfinch, she would marry a very wealthy man. There are many more beliefs that seem unlikely to come true.

ValentIne’s Day In the MIddle Ages

The idea of having a special day for lovers was supposedly first noted in Geoffrey Chaucer’s work, "The Parliament of Foules," written in the latter part of the 14th century. His reference to St. Valentine’s Day is somewhat questionable and has been debated since he refers to the season when birds mate and that has to be a much later date than Feb. 14 in England, in May perhaps. But during the Middle Ages there was a general believe that birds did start preparing for mating during the middle of February.

In spite of Chaucer’s reference, it would seem that there was no celebration of St. Valentine’s Day in the modern sense until the 15th century. The earliest indication is a poem that is preserved in the British Library that was sent by Charles, Duke of Orleans, to his wife.

The practice of sending handwritten notes and small presents seems to have grown over time as it became customary to exchange anonymous greetings. But it wasn’t until the 17th century that the custom of celebrating St. Valentine’s Day really caught on. Americans commercialized the holiday. Credit for the first commercially produced St. Valentine’s Day card goes to an American woman, Esther A. Howland in the 1840s. She received a St. Valentine’s Day card from a friend in England and liked it so much she started producing them commercially using her father's printing press.

The idea caught on in the United States and many other countries. When simple cards didn’t seem to be enough, people began exchanging small presents. Then candy makers got into the act, promoting candy, especially chocolates. St. Valentine’s Day took off in many parts of Europe, including Turkey, which picked up the idea in the 1980s and sold tiny but creative small advertisements in newspapers.

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History of Deo

During the time of Gautama Buddha, the kings of the Lichchhavi dynasty were ruling over Baisali (Muzaffarpur, in modern Bihar in India). Baisali had a partly democratic form of government. According to the later inscription by King Jaya Dev II, Supushpa was the founder of the dynasty, but he was defeated by Ajatashatru, the powerful Magadha king, in the fifth century BC.

When the kings of the Kushan empire became powerful in India, the Lichchhavis migrated to Nepal. The twenty-fourth descendant of King Supushpa, Jaya Dev II, re-established the rule of the Lichchhavis in Nepal. Brisha Dev was another powerful member of the dynasty who greatly extended his territory. Chandra Gupta I, the Gupta Indian emperor, was alarmed of the rise of Brisha Dev. However, he preserved the sovereignty of India by the use of politics rather than warfare. He visited Nepal and married Kumara Devi, the daughter of Brisha Dev. Kumara Devi gave birth to Chandra Gupta's successor, Samundra Gupta. Some historians are of the opinion that it was Bhasker Verma, not Brisha Dev who was the father of Kumara Devi.

Mana Deva is considered to be the first king of Nepal having historical authenticity.

EXTERNAL LINK:
Nepal History (Entry extract)

305 - ?


Bhumi Verma


Adopted heir of the last Soma king.


? - 505


Dharma Deva


464 - 505


Mana Deva


Son. Held back the rise of the Mallas.

464


Mana Deva is only a small boy when he ascends the throne. Taking advantage of this, the Thakuri governors of the eastern provinces rebel and try to win independence. Mana Deva suppresses the rebellion forcefully. Then he marches towards the west and occupies many provinces there. With the help of his maternal uncle he invades Mallapur, across the Gandaki river, and annexes it to the kingdom. With this his kingdom is extended up to the Himalayas in the north, to the other side of the Gandaki in the west, and to the Koshi in the south.

505 - ?


Mahideva


505 - ?


Basanta Deva




Mana Deva II


c.588 - 605


Shiva Deva I


Son. Shared administration with Amshuverma.

605


Amshuverma is of the Thakuri clan, so when his father-in-law dies he becomes sole sovereign and begins a new dynasty.

राजीव देव
राजीव१०देओ@जीमेल.कॉम

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